El papel de la Organización Mundial de Aduanas en el avance de los objetivos y planes de la Organización Mundial de Comercio

In this study, the role of the World Customs Organization (WCO) in advancing the objectives and plans of the World Trade Organization (WTO), is the programs and regulations of the WCO which are aimed at promoting the goals of the WTO. One of the most important of them is to simplify and facilitate the international trade of goods globally. There were interactions between the two organizations since the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which we will examine. The method of this research is descriptive. Using available resources in the Customs Libraries of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Customs Education and Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran as well as the guidance of customs professors, all of which are among the leading customs experts of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In general, what we found in this study was that international trade facilitation could not be possible without the presence of the WCO, and the WTO needs the WCO and its assistance in this regard.En este estudio, el papel de la Organización Mundial de Aduanas (OMA) en el avance de los objetivos y planes de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC), son los programas y regulaciones de la OMA que tienen como objetivo promover los objetivos de la OMC. Lo importante de ellos es simplificar y facilitar el comercio internacional de bienes a nivel mundial. Hubo interacciones entre las dos organizaciones desde el Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio, que examinaremos. El método de esta investigación es descriptivo. Uso de los recursos disponibles en las Bibliotecas de Aduanas de la República Islámica de Irán y el Centro de Educación e Investigación Aduanera de la República Islámica de Irán, así como la orientación de los profesores de aduanas, todos los cuales se encuentran entre los principales expertos en aduanas de la República Islámica de Irán. En general, lo que encontramos en este estudio fue que la facilitación del comercio internacional no podría ser posible sin la presencia de la OMA, y la OMC necesita a la OMA y su asistencia a este respecto

Leyes aplicables al conflicto armado no internacional, disturbios internos y hostilidades

We always hear and see much news about protests, demonstrations, riots, and rebellions everywhere around the globe. These protests and riots all have many motives and causes, and in most of these things we always see an initiating reason that provokes anger within the people and forces them into joining these riots, rebellions, and protests. The most important matter is how governments must deal with these issues. What we are considering here is the laws and rules which are applicable to deal with these affairs correctly, and to what extent and under what conditions has “the Human Rights” allowed the governments to deal with such conditions?Siempre escuchamos y vemos muchas noticias sobre protestas, manifestaciones, disturbios y rebeliones en todo el mundo. Todas estas protestas y disturbios tienen muchos motivos y causas, y en la mayoría de estas cosas siempre vemos una razón inicial que provoca enojo en la gente y los obliga a unirse a estos disturbios, rebeliones y protestas. Lo más importante es cómo los gobiernos deben lidiar con estos problemas. Lo que estamos considerando aquí son las leyes y reglas que son aplicables para tratar estos asuntos correctamente, y ¿en qué medida y bajo qué condiciones los "Derechos Humanos" han permitido a los gobiernos lidiar con tales condiciones

El papel de la Organización Mundial de Aduanas en el avance de los objetivos y planes de la Organización Mundial de Comercio

In this study, the role of the World Customs Organization (WCO) in advancing the objectives and plans of the World Trade Organization (WTO), is the programs and regulations of the WCO which are aimed at promoting the goals of the WTO. One of the most important of them is to simplify and facilitate the international trade of goods globally. There were interactions between the two organizations since the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which we will examine. The method of this research is descriptive. Using available resources in the Customs Libraries of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Customs Education and Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran as well as the guidance of customs professors, all of which are among the leading customs experts of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In general, what we found in this study was that international trade facilitation could not be possible without the presence of the WCO, and the WTO needs the WCO and its assistance in this regard.En este estudio, el papel de la Organización Mundial de Aduanas (OMA) en el avance de los objetivos y planes de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC), son los programas y regulaciones de la OMA que tienen como objetivo promover los objetivos de la OMC. Lo importante de ellos es simplificar y facilitar el comercio internacional de bienes a nivel mundial. Hubo interacciones entre las dos organizaciones desde el Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio, que examinaremos. El método de esta investigación es descriptivo. Uso de los recursos disponibles en las Bibliotecas de Aduanas de la República Islámica de Irán y el Centro de Educación e Investigación Aduanera de la República Islámica de Irán, así como la orientación de los profesores de aduanas, todos los cuales se encuentran entre los principales expertos en aduanas de la República Islámica de Irán. En general, lo que encontramos en este estudio fue que la facilitación del comercio internacional no podría ser posible sin la presencia de la OMA, y la OMC necesita a la OMA y su asistencia a este respecto

Leyes aplicables al conflicto armado no internacional, disturbios internos y hostilidades

We always hear and see much news about protests, demonstrations, riots, and rebellions everywhere around the globe. These protests and riots all have many motives and causes, and in most of these things we always see an initiating reason that provokes anger within the people and forces them into joining these riots, rebellions, and protests. The most important matter is how governments must deal with these issues. What we are considering here is the laws and rules which are applicable to deal with these affairs correctly, and to what extent and under what conditions has “the Human Rights” allowed the governments to deal with such conditions?Siempre escuchamos y vemos muchas noticias sobre protestas, manifestaciones, disturbios y rebeliones en todo el mundo. Todas estas protestas y disturbios tienen muchos motivos y causas, y en la mayoría de estas cosas siempre vemos una razón inicial que provoca enojo en la gente y los obliga a unirse a estos disturbios, rebeliones y protestas. Lo más importante es cómo los gobiernos deben lidiar con estos problemas. Lo que estamos considerando aquí son las leyes y reglas que son aplicables para tratar estos asuntos correctamente, y ¿en qué medida y bajo qué condiciones los "Derechos Humanos" han permitido a los gobiernos lidiar con tales condiciones

SD1000: High Sustained Viral Response Rate in 1361 Patients With Hepatitis C Genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 Using a Low-cost, Fixed-dose Combination Tablet of Generic Sofosbuvir and Daclatasvir: A Multicenter, Phase III Clinical Trial

Background. The combination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir is a potent, pangenotypic regimen suitable for mass-scale hepatitis C treatment, especially in resource-limited countries where newer, expensive combinations are not available. This combination has been widely tested on genotype 4. However, Phase III trials of this combination in other genotypes have been cost prohibitive. With the introduction of generic, low-cost sofosbuvir and daclatasvir, large-scale studies in resource-limited countries are now possible. Methods. Sofosbuvir at 400 mg and daclatasvir at 60 mg were coformulated into a fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet (Sovodak, Rojan Pharma, Tehran, Iran). Patients from 46 centers were dosed for 12 or 24 weeks with or without ribavirin, in line with existing guidelines. Responses to treatment were evaluated 12 weeks after the end of treatment (for a sustained virological response at Week 12; SVR12). Results. There were 1361 patients recruited. Overall, the patients were 21% female, with a mean age of 50 years; 39% were cirrhotic; 22% were treatment-experienced; 47% were genotype 1, 41% were genotype 3, and 2% were other genotypes. The genotype was not known in 10% of the patients. The intention-to-treat and per-protocol SVR12 rates were 94.7% and 98.8%, respectively. The safety profile was unremarkable, treatment was well tolerated, and compliance with the single-tablet regimen was excellent. Conclusions. The treatment with FDC of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir achieved high SVR12 rates, equivalent to those seen in Phase III trials of other pangenotypic options, and has been conducted at a similar scale in a representative, real-world population at a cost of under $100 per patient, which makes this combination suitable for elimination protocols in resource-limited countries. Keywords:sofosbuvir; daclatasvir; Hepatitis C; sustained virological response; generic drug